  
VPP 3211 : Veterinary Anatomy I
Learning Activities
 1 Introduction to Histology:
What is Histology ;
Histology as a component of the Veterinary Anatomy Course and its relevance to the Physiology and Pathology Courses
Light microscopy:
Correct use of the light microscope. What is a histological section; interpretation of histological section.
Introduction to electron microscopy- transmission and scanning electron microscopes.
2 Cytology: light microscopic structure of a cell – various cell shape and its functional relationship.
Shape of cells and its relationship with the epithelium. Mitosis and cell degeneration.
Identification of various shapes of cell; mitotic and degenerated cells
3 Cytology: Cell ultrastructure: cytoplasmic organelles and their functions. Apoptosis and necrosis
Identification of organelles in transmission electron micrographs. Ultrastructure of apoptotic and necrotic cell.
Epithelium: type of epithelium – simple, stratified, pseudostratified and transitional; locations and functions.
Development of glands - exocrine and endocrine; types of glands - serous, mucous and mixed; mode of secretion of glands.
Epithelium: Identification of different type of epithelium; identification of different types of glands – serous, mucous and mixed.
4 Connective Tissues: Cells of connective tissues – fibroblast, fat cell, plasma cell, mast cell and macrophage and their functions.
Fixed and free macrophages. Ultrastructure of plasma cells and macrophage.
Identification of different connective tissue cells.
Connective Tissues: Types of connective tissue fibres – collagen, elastic and reticular fibres and their functions and identification by special staining.
Identification of different types of connective tissue fibres in various organs.
5 Tendon, cartilage and bone. Ossification of bones – endochondral and intramembraneous ossification.
Examination of tendon, cartilage and bone.
Muscle Tissues: skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle fibres ; formation of cross striations in skeletal muscle ; longitudinal and circularly arranged smooth muscle cells around hollow organs
Identification of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle fibres Identification of longitudinal and circularly arranged smooth muscle cells around hollow organs.
6 Nervous tissues: Types of neurons, ultrastructure of neuron; ganglion and connective tissue cells of nerve tissue.
Examination of neuron, myelinated fibre, ganglion, myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres
Nervous tissues: ultrastructure of synapse, myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres.
7 Introduction to Embryology. The general structure of the female reproductive system – ovary, oviduct and uterus.
Examination of histological structure of ovary, oviduct and uterus.
Formation of primary, secondary and tertiary follicle and ovulation and formation of corpus hemorrhagicum and corpus luteum.
Examination of histological structure of primary, secondary and tertiary follicles corpus hemorrhagicum.
8 Fertilization; early development of embryo - cleavage, morula, blastocyst, inner cell mass and implantation.
Examination of fertilized ovum, early developmental stages of the embryo – cleavage stage, morula stage, blastocyst stage and gastrulation stage.
Development of the three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm and their derivatives.
Examination of the zygote: cleavage, morula, blastocyst. Examination of the blastocyst: formation of endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.
9 Derivatives of the three germinal layers.
Examination of the early stages of development of various organs in a developing embryo.
Introduction to the hemopoietic system
SCL
SCL
10 Introduction to the hemopoietic system: Functions and histological structure of the spleen - red pulp and white pulp, splenic nodule, germinal centre, sinusoids and blood circulation in the spleen.
Examination of the section of the spleen and identification of various structures related to its function.
Histological structure of the lymph node – cortex and medulla, lymph nodule, germinal centre, function of lymph node.
Examination of the section of the lymph node and identification of various structures related to its function.
11 Histological structure of thymus, tonsil, bursa Fabricius and Payer’s patch.
Examination of histological structure of thymus, tonsil, bursa of Fabricius and Payers patch.
SCL
SCL
12 Haematology: Serum and plasma; structure and functions of the red blood cells and white blood cells
Examination of different classes of white blood cells and white blood cell count.
Histological structure of the bone marrow and derivatives of the cells of the bone marrow.
Examination of the structure of bone marrow and derivatives of the cells of the bone marrow.
13 Osteology
Osteology: Various types of bone in the skeletal system and its function
SCL
SCL
14 Anatomy of lymphatic system
Anatomy of lymphatic tissues: Structures, organ and location
Anatomy of lymphatic system
Anatomy of the lymphatic tissues: Lymph node – location and circulation
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